(metonymic chain and metaphtonymy, although metaphor too).

(转喻链和转喻, 虽然也隐喻)。

The actual street, not the metonym for big business or financial markets.

实际的街道，而不大企业或金融市场的转喻。

In the previous examples, aspects of the real world are interpreted metaphorically and metonymically.

在前面的例子中, 现实世界的各个方面被隐喻和转喻地解释。

Even though some metaphors and metonymies may be understandable cross-culturally, others will not.

尽管有些隐喻和转喻在跨文化中可能可以理解的， 但其他的则不能。

As Diagram 11 shows, the target of this metaphor features a metonymy of the expansion type.

如图 11 所示， 这个比喻的目标具有扩展类型的转喻。

It refers to using the name of part of an object to talk about the whole thing, and vice versa.

词典定义中所的一个词的第一个意义通它的字面意义。比喻语言达到对比、强调、明确或标新的目的而使用的不同于日规语言的词句。语言中表示比喻用法的另一个词Trope (修辞、比喻)。它指修辞目的而通过比喻途径来使用的语言。比喻在语言运用中频繁出现，并且采用许多不同形式。明喻：明喻把一种事物和另一种事物作比较，并通过展现一种事物如何与另一事物相似来解释这种事物什么样子的方法。它用as或like等词在文本中作明确标志。暗喻：像明喻一样，暗喻也对两个并不相像的要素作出对比，这种对比隐含的而不直接表达的。转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。喻：喻用事物的一部分名称来指代整个事物，反之亦然。

The pay-off (" Mobile banking replaces intracity trips" ) helps recognize these metonymic relationships.

回报（“移动银行取代城内旅行” ）有助于识别这些转喻关系。

For one thing, recognizing a visual element as the source domain of a metaphor or a metonymy sometimes requires (sub)cultural background knowledge.

首先，将视觉元素识别隐喻或转喻的源域有时需要（亚）文化背景知识。

In this ad, dog is thus the metonymy's source domain and pet its target domain.

因此，在此广告中， dog 转喻的源域， 而 pet 其目标域。

This type of metonymy has been discussed by other scholars as " the part stands for the whole" .

这种类型的转喻已被其他学者讨论 “部分代表整体” 。

The logo stands for Renault cars and is part of it, so we can consider renault logo as a metonymy for renault.

该标志代表雷诺汽车， 其中的一部分，因此我们可以将雷诺标志视雷诺的转喻。

In this double domain expansion metonymy the goldfish stands for haft-sin and haft-sin stands in turn for nowruz, Persian New Year (Diagram 20).

在这个双域扩展转喻中， 金鱼代表 haft-sin，而 haft-sin 依次代表波斯新年 nowruz（图 20）。

But since this ad is about mobile banking, a metonymic reduction is needed to get at the meaning of mobile banking.

但，由于这则广告关于手机银行的，因此需要减少转喻来理解手机银行的含义。

We elaborated on her results by exploring the interaction of metaphor and metonymy in both expansion and reduction processes.

我们通过探索隐喻和转喻在扩展和减少过程中的相互作用来详细阐述她的结果。

Metonymic expansion is needed to understand the target (freezing temperature) by the source (?

需要转喻扩展来理解源 （？

Keywords: visual and multimodal metaphor, visual and multimodal metonymy, metaphor-metonymy interaction, Iranian advertisements, Dutch advertisements.

关键词：视觉和多模态隐喻，视觉和多模态转喻，隐喻-转喻交互，伊朗广告，荷兰广告。

As an animal that is considered highly dangerous, the shark in the given context metonymically triggers danger (Diagram 3).

作一种被认高度危险的动物，鲨鱼在给定的上下文中转喻会触发危险（图 3）。

In this example, there is metonymy within the source of a metaphor in which animal behavior is mapped onto human behavior.

在这个例子中， 动物行映射到人类行的隐喻源中有一个转喻。

For another, to do full justice to the ads, we need to be aware of much more than only the metaphors and metonymies that may appear in them.

另一方面，完全公正地对待广告，我们需要解的不仅仅可能出现在其中的隐喻和转喻。

In short, the coins are the targetof the metaphor coins are weights as well as a source in a metonymy whose target is bank (Diagram 12).

简而言之，硬币隐喻的目标， 硬币权重， 也目标 bank 的转喻中的来源（图 12）。