In our last lecture, I was talking about language as part of our semiotic system.

上次我们讲到，语是系统一部分。

2 More recently, however, this rigid view of the linguistic sign has come under increasing criticism.

然而, 最近, 这种对语僵化观点受到了越来越多批评。

We might also call this " symbolic" language.

我们也可以称其为“”语。

But how do you design a symbol in a way that will last across generations and languages?

但是，您如何设计一种能够跨越几代人和各种语？

So a manual alphabet is sort of a subsystem within a sign language that is used to represent a written language.

手语字母是语中子系统，而语用于代表书面语。

To survive in such an environment, a person must become familiar with abstract symbolic languages.

要在这样环境中生存，一个人必须熟悉语。

We’ve talked a lot about the things that make a culture a culture – things like norms and symbols and languages.

我们已经谈了很多关于使一种文化成为一种文化事情——比如规范、和语。

In our last lecture, I was talking about language as part of our semiotic system, and today I am going to move onto another topic.

在我们上一堂课中，我谈到了语作为我们系统一部分，今天我将转移到另一个话题。

In summary, diacritics play an important role in linguistics by providing a way to represent and distinguish different linguistic features and variations in writing and speech.

总之，变音在语学中发挥着重要作用，它提供了一种表示和区分书写和语中不同语特征和变化方法。

It's no wonder that in the 1990s computer scientists kind of gave up on so-called symbolic  language processing in favor of a new strategy: statistical language processing.

难怪在 1990 年代计算机科学家放弃了所谓语处理，转而采用一种新策略：统计语处理。

For example, while entity-related perceptual features like colors and shapes are more easily and accurately represented within the pictorial system, temporal dynamics and contingencies are better represented within the linguistic semiotic system.

例如，虽然与实体相关感知特征（如颜色和形状）在图像系统中更容易和准确地表示，但时间动态和偶然性在语学系统中得到了更好表示。