I mean, they transmit leptospirosis and hantavirus.

我是说，他们可会 传染细螺旋体病或是汉他病毒。

Most commonly, Leptospira gets into the host system via abrasions or cuts on the skin.

钩端螺旋体一般通过皮肤表面创口进入宿主体内。

Leptospira is also a motile bacteria because it has flagella that help it move around.

钩端螺旋体也是一种，因为它有可以帮助运的鞭毛。

Rats can spread diseases like leptospirosis, which can lead to kidney and liver failure.

老鼠可会传播钩端螺旋体病等疾病，这种疾病可会导致肾和肝脏衰竭。

Leptospira causes a zoonotic infection called leptospirosis, which has two phases.

钩端螺旋体会导致一种名为钩端螺旋体病的人畜共通传染病，其有两个阶段。

There are also tick-borne causes of meningitis like Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria - which the cause of Lyme disease.

脑膜炎也有蜱传播病因，比如像莱病螺旋体，这也是莱病病因。

Leptospirosis is treated with penicillin G, and doxycycline can be used as an alternative.

钩端螺旋体病的治疗主要施用抗生素苄青霉素，多西环素可作为备选。

Sometimes magnetic fields can twist plasma in the Sun's atmosphere into majestic helical shapes called " flux ropes" .

有时磁场会将太阳大气层中的的等离子体扭曲，成为被称做“通量绳”的宏伟的螺旋体。

The Leptospira genus has over 20 species, and the most common species that causes leptospirosis in humans is Leptospira interrogans.

钩端螺旋体有过20种亚，其中问号钩端螺旋体（Leptospira interrogans）是导致人类钩端螺旋体病的最常见致病。

And researchers have found that bones from this era suggest the presence of tuberculosis and treponemal infections.

研究人员发现，这个时代的骨头表明存在结核病和密螺旋体感染。

As time passed, the softer sand around the burrows began to erode, but not the hardened spirals.

随着时间的流逝，洞穴周围较软的沙子开始被侵蚀，但硬化的螺旋体却没有。

Alright, as a quick recap, leptospira is a genus of tiny spiral gram-negative bacteria that can be seen under a darkfield microscope.

得！快速回顾一下：钩端螺旋体是一种细小的革兰氏阴性，它可以在暗视野显微镜中被观察到。

They include cat-scratch fever from our cats, leptospirosis from our dogs, psittacosis from our chickens and parrots, and brucellosis from our cattle.

它们包括来自我们的猫的猫抓热、来自我们的狗的钩端螺旋体病、来自我们的鸡和鹦鹉的鹦鹉热以及来自我们的牛的布鲁氏病。

Better established is Lyme disease, caused by a spirochete that we get from the bite of ticks carried by mice and deer.

比较确定的是莱病，它是由老鼠和鹿携带的蜱虫叮咬后感染的螺旋体引起的。

Now, Leptospira is a tiny spiral bacteria, that stains poorly with Gram staining, because it doesn't retain the Gram dyes well, so it's classically considered gram-negative.

钩端螺旋体是一种细小的螺旋形病，革兰氏染色效果较差，因为它不很好地保留染色剂，所以通常认为它是一种革兰氏阴性。

It's also too tiny to be seen with a light microscope, so to visualize it, you need a darkfield microscope with use of immunofluorescence is required.

这种细也因为体型太细而难以在光学显微镜下显像，所以为了够看见钩端螺旋体，人们需要使用暗视野显微镜以及荧光染色剂。

Risk factors for leptospirosis include some professions, like people who work in rice-paddies, sugarcane plantations, or people who swim or wade in waters contaminated by animal urines.

导致钩端螺旋体病的危险因素包括一些需在稻田、甘蔗种植区工作的职业或有被物尿液污染的水源游玩史。

Lyme disease is primarily caused by a bacterium called Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by the bite of the blacklegged tick—more commonly known as the deer tick.

莱病主要由一种名为伯氏疏螺旋体的细引起，这种细通过黑腿蜱（通常称为鹿蜱）的叮咬传播。

We were working on pan-coronavirus vaccines, sickle cell anemia gene therapy, malaria with people across the U.S. and in Africa, leptospirosis with people in southeast Asia, vaccines for peanut allergies.

我们在研究泛冠状病毒疫苗，镰状细胞性贫血基因疗法，美国和非洲的疟疾，东南亚的钩端螺旋体病，花生过敏疫苗。

If Leptospira gets to the kidneys, it may infect the interstitium, causing interstitial nephritis, or it may cause an inflammatory reaction that damages the renal tubules, resulting in acute tubular necrosis.

如果钩端螺旋体进入肾脏，它会感染肾间质而引起间质性肾炎，也引发炎性反应损伤肾小管，导致急性肾小管坏死。