Tumor suppressor genes, which signal a cell to stop dividing.

肿瘤抑制基因，向细胞发出停止分裂的信号。

There are so called oncogenic or tumor producing genes.

有所谓的致癌或产生肿瘤的基因。

Similar discoveries and advancements in the genetic testing of tumors are refining staging in breast, prostate, and gynecological cancers.

的发现和肿瘤基因检测的进步正在完善乳腺癌、前列腺癌和妇科癌症的分期。

About 3,000 individual breast tumours, for example, have now had their genotypes published.

例如，它已经发表了大约3000种不同的乳房肿瘤的基因型。

Tumor suppressor genes work by acting as a kind of roadblock, keeping cell division from moving forward.

肿瘤抑制基因通过充当一种障来发挥作用，阻止细胞分裂继续发展。

This type of gene is called an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.

这种型的基因被称为抗癌基因或肿瘤抑制基因。

The first key mutation is in the appropriately  named tumor suppressor genes, or TSGs.

第一个关键突变发生在肿瘤抑制基因（TSG）中。

After surgery, one group received a blood test specially made for the tumor's genetic information to find any remaining bits of cancer DNA.

手术后，其中一组人接受了们的肿瘤基因信息定制的血液检查，以寻找任何残留的癌症DNA片段。

Abnormal cell division can occur either when active oncogenes are expressed or when tumor suppressor genes are lost.

当活性癌基因表达或肿瘤抑制基因丢失时，可发生异常细胞分裂。

The idea to get the genetic sequence of the tumor and then make a vaccine which is personalized, within a few weeks.

获得肿瘤的基因序列然后在几周内制造出个性化疫苗的想法。

The resulting epigenetic changes can eventually lead to disease, if, for example, they turn off a gene that makes a tumor-suppressing protein.

表观基因变异的结果最终会导致疾病，举例而言，如果它们隐藏了基因中肿瘤抑制的蛋白质。

But if it happens in certain genes that are important in cancer, like oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, it can create deadly cancers like skin cancer.

但是如果它发生在某些对癌症很重要的基因中，比如致癌基因或肿瘤抑制基因，它会产生致命的癌症，比如皮肤癌。

So the new way to get a diagnosis is to look deep in the cell and understand precisely what made it into tumor and that’s genomic sequencing.

因此，获得诊断的新方法是深入观察细胞，并准确地知道是什么使它进入肿瘤，即基因组测序。

Dr. Nakamura is leading a team of scientists who are studying the genetic makeup of second cancer tumors to understand why they form in some patients after treatment.

Nakamura博士正在领导一个科学家团队，们正在研究第二癌症肿瘤的基因组成，以了解为什么它们在治疗后在一些患者中形成。

Dr Ellis and his colleagues showed that those whose tumours carried mutations in p53 (16% of the total) were less likely to have responded to letrozole than women whose tumours had normal p53.

埃利斯博士等人证明了，来曲唑对肿瘤中有p53基因突变的病人（占总数的16%）的疗效不如对肿瘤中p53基因正常的病人那样显著。

What these new types of studies are really asking is whether we can target specific mutations which are mistakes in the genes that arise in tumors and treat them the same even if they come from different organs.

这些新型研究真正要问的是，我们是否可以针对肿瘤中出现的基因错误的特定突变进行治疗，即使它们来自不同的器官。