This paper reviewed the chromosomal engineering in the aspects of double diploid, hetero-additive line, hetero-replacement line, exchange line, monosome one incomplete chromosome systems.
Ewing sarcoma is associated with chromosomal mutations, specifically a translocation between the EWSR1 gene on chromosome 22 and FLI1 gene on chromosome 11.
Translocations can disrupt SNRNP and move the small nucleolar RNA genes away from their imprinting center, causing them to get methylated and turned off.
As a result, an the BCL2 gene from chromosome 18 is placed after the immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter on chromosome 14, and that results in overexpression of bcl-2.
In this case, the Myc gene is translocated from chromosome 8 where it ends up adjacent to IgH promoter on chromosome 14 and again that upregulates its expression.