The skins of sheep and of dogs are not tanned with oak-bark, but are soaked in alum-water instead.

羊皮狗皮的鞣革使用的是水而非橡树皮。

The country was invaded because it had plenty of alum, aluminum and amalgam.

这个国家之所以被侵略，是因为它拥有大量的、合金。

So to make the textiles the Ottomans craved, the Italians needed Ottoman alum, at least until 1460.

因此，为制造奥斯曼帝国渴望的纺织品，意大利人需要奥斯曼，至少在 1460 之前是这样。

When Giovanni da Castro, Pope Pius II's godson, discovered alum, in Italy, in Tolfa.

当教皇庇护二世的教子乔瓦尼· 达· 卡斯特罗 ( Giovanni da Castro)在意大利的托尔法 ( Tolfa) 发现。

More importantly he granted a monopoly on the mining rights of alum to a particular Florentine family, the Medicis.

更重要的是， 他将采矿权的垄断权授予特定的佛罗伦萨家族美第奇家族。

That is because they were dyed with a chemical called alum, which was primarily found in Anatolia, in the Ottoman Empire.

这是因为它们是用一种叫做的化学物质染色的，这种化学物质主要在奥斯曼帝国的安纳托利亚发现。

But vitally, Italian alum mines didn't bring victory over the Turks, or cause them to lose all their profits, just as mining and drilling at home never obviate the need for trade.

但至关重要的是， 意大利的矿并没有给土耳其人带来胜利，也没有让他们失去所有的利润， 就像在国内采矿钻探永远不会消除贸易的需要一样。

After all, though he had played at theory-making too, he was a business man, he depended upon soap and alum; " the secondary pleasures of life" , he had to admit, " are very necessary to my comfort" .

毕竟，虽然他也玩过理论制定，但他是个商人，他靠的是肥皂；他不得不承认，“生活中的次要乐趣”“对于我的安慰来说是非常必要的”。