So what were these city states like?

这些城邦国家是怎样的呢？

And how can it sum up, in itself, a view of the Athenian state?

我们又如何从中了解时的雅典城邦呢？

Hundreds of years ago, city-states were common in Europe.

几百年以前城邦在欧洲是很普遍的。

Today she'll be shadowed by officials from the city's governing council.

今天，城邦理事的官员将考察她的工作。

By doing this, they paved the way for social criticism in the city-state of Athens.

就这样，他们播下了雅典城邦内评的种子。

The tradition of these decentralized city-states that were the heart of the Renaissance.

这些城邦国家自治的传统确实是文艺复兴的核所在。

The defence of the rationally ordered state will cost some of its citizens their lives.

为保卫理性规范的城邦，有的公民献出自己的生命。

And of course, given its geography, it's surrounded by agricultural states.

然，还要考虑新德里的地理情况，这座城市被农业城邦所环绕。

Both conventions and local laws in the city-states could vary widely.

他们到过的各个城邦中，无论传统规范或地方法律可能都各不相同。

So slavery is necessary for the life of the polis for there to be open to citizens.

因此，为了让公民有机过上城邦生活，奴隶制是必要的。

One of these chests will save your city and the rest will lead to its certain doom.

它们其中一只将拯救你的城邦，而其余的则无力回天。

In 408 BC, the cities united to form one territory, with a unified capital, Rhodes.

在公元前408年，这三个城邦联成了一个区域，并有统一的首都: 罗德。

As with many ancient civilisations, no one really knows the exact date when the city-state of Sparta was founded.

与许多古代文明一样，没有人真正知道斯巴达城邦建立的确切日期。

It's actually a walled-in city-state within Rome Italy, though it's only 0. 17 square miles in size.

它实际上是一个位于意大利罗马的墙内城邦国家，尽管面积只有0.17平方英里。

Recall that Italy itself was, until 1861, not a unified nation but an aggregation of city-states.

回想一下，在1861年前，意大利还不是一个统一的国家，而是由城邦组成的结体。

Dealing with the defeated city-states, however, would become a big problem.

然而，处理战败的城邦国，是一个很大的问题。

By 1325, border skirmishes between the two rival city-states were getting more intense.

到 1325 年，这两个敌对城邦之间的边境冲突越来越激烈。

You knew, if you were one of Athens' subjects, that this was a statement of your own subordination.

如果你是雅典的附属城邦之一，它就是你屈从的标志。

But why is it necessary to live in a good city in order to live a virtuous life?

但为什么要想过上有德行的生活，就需要生活在一个美好的城邦呢？

Cities like Delft were unsupervised by kings or bishops, so many artists like Vermeer were left without traditional patrons.

由於像台夫特市的城邦 不是由国王或主教管辖，许多像维梅尔一样的艺术家 失去了贵族支持。