CpG islands are found in most promoter regions of genes which are the DNA sequences responsible for the initiation of gene transcription.

CpG岛位于绝大部分启动子区域，是一组负责转录起始的DNA序列。

In humans two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FOS promoter were found to be associated with knee-OA susceptibility.

中，发现FOS启动子中的两个单核苷酸多态性与膝骨关节炎的易感性有关。

In this case, the BCL1 gene from chromosome 11 ends up next to the immunoglobulin promoter on chromosome 14, which again upregulates its expression.

这种情况下，11号染色体上的BCL1基因易位至14号染色体，与14号染色体上的免疫启动子相邻，后者上调了BCL1基因的表达。

In eukaryotes, if the introduced genes are derived from another organism, the resulting transgenic plants or animals can be propagated by normal breeding.

转基因羊已经被生产了出来，可以通过它们的奶生产有价值的。目的基因需要羊的启动子（酪或乳清）以确保乳腺中表达。从奶中纯化要比从培养的细胞中纯化要容易的多。

As a result, an the BCL2 gene from chromosome 18 is placed after the immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter on chromosome 14, and that results in overexpression of bcl-2.

因此，一个来自18号染色体的BCL2基因被易位到14号染色体的免疫重链启动子后，导致BCL-2过表达。

In this case, the Myc gene is translocated from chromosome 8 where it ends up adjacent to IgH promoter on chromosome 14 and again that upregulates its expression.

这种情况下，MYC基因从8号染色体易位至14号染色体，最终与14号染色体上的IgH启动子相邻，这也上调了它的表达。