This phenomenon of transposing or switching sounds in a word is called metathesis.

这种在单词中换位或调换现象被称为 " 位转换" 。

What factors determine whether a phoneme enters common use, or is relegated to silence?

是什么因素决定一个位是常用还是降至不发呢？

B) Explicit instruction in phonemic awareness.

B) 位意识明确指导。

So many, in fact, that each individual language contains only a subset of potential sound units, or phonemes.

事实上，其种类之丰富以至于每种语言只含有一种潜在位子集。

You could call it phonetic, but it might  be more accurate to call it phonemic.

你可以称之为标，但更准确法可能是位。

First, Phonetics. This level focuses on the smallest unit of structure in language, the phoneme.

首先，位学。这一层面关注语言结构中最小单位，即素。

He lowered his voice four or five notches and added " What was the name again" ?

他压低了四个位， 又加了一句“叫什么名字” ？

Phonemic transcription is put in square brackets for this purpose.

依照惯例，位转写放在双斜线 (//) 内，而语转写放在方括号 ([」) 内，位转写也用于不太关注发细节时语讨论（常见于词典和教材中），或者关注点在于特定语对照，而不是每个发细节。这种情况下就，位转写又称为宽式转写，给出发细节符号则称为严式转写，作为宽式转写位转写符号也可以放在方括号当中。

One phoneme that occurs in only about 20 percent of the world's languages is the ejective consonant, such as p' or k'.

有一种位仅出现在全世界 20% 语言中——那就是“爆破辅”，比如“p”或“k”。

That brings us to a new concept: the phoneme.

然而，在很多情况下并不是每次都要表现出这种同变体，并且我们常用普通符号 [r] 来代替 [x] 这个不常用符号。这就导出一个新概念：位。

Definition: Allophones are variant pronunciations of a phoneme in specific contexts.

定义：位变体是素在特定上下文中变体发。

Some sociolinguists believe that analyzing such variables as the use of a particular phoneme can predict the direction of language change.

一些社会语言学家认为，分析诸如特定位使用这样变量可以预测语言变化方向。

In English, the " p" sound in " pat" and the " p" sound in " spat" are allophones of the same phoneme.

在英语中，“pat”中“p”与“spat”中“p”是同一个素位变体。

It utilizes a wider range of IPA symbols, diacritics, and additional notation to capture specific articulatory details, coarticulatory effects, and allophonic variations within speech.

它利用更广泛 IPA 符号、变符号和附加符号来捕获语中特定发细节、协同发效果和位变体。

(4) Assimilation: It refers to the change of a sound by the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called " contact" or " contiguous" assimilation.

(1) 脱落：语脱落是指位系统中作为位某个语消失。语脱落也可以在语句中发生，往往是某些非重读元发生脱落。(2) 添加：添加是指把某些语添加到语原有链条上。(3) 换位：换位是指语流中一种可供选择方法。(4) 同化：同化是指由于邻近语影响而产生语变化，更明确叫法是" 接触" 同化或" 邻近" 同化。

For  example the word " the" has two phonetic sounds, " th" and " uh" , but " the" only has one  " phoneme" : the sound, or syllable " the" .

例如，单词“the” 包含两个素，“th” 和“uh” ，但“the” 只有一个位，即或节“the” 。

Once he has been accepted, Dr Kaufman and his colleagues start chipping away at the language's phonology (the sounds of which it is composed) and its syntax (how its meaning is changed by the order of words and phrases).

一旦他被录用，考夫曼博士及其同事就开始不断研究那种语言位学（即组成这个体系各种发）和句法（其词汇和短语次序如何改变意思）。

(4) Narrow Transcriptional called phonetic transcription, which shows more phonetic details, either just by using more specific symbols or by also representing some allophonic differences. The use of diacritics is a means of increasing precision.

(4) 狭义转录称为语转录，它通过使用更具体符号或还表示一些位差异来显示更多语细节。使用变符号是提高精度一种手段。

The one really big thing that stands out to me in the phonemic inventory of Ket is the fact that it lacks both P and G, which is rather rare to lack both of these at the same time.

在我看来， Ket 位清单中真正引人注目一点是它缺少 P 和 G，而同时缺少这两个情况相当罕见。

Ever since its publication in the middle of the 1960s, this research paradigm has become the mainstream in sociolinguistics and been alternatively termed as " the quantitative paradigm, sociolinguistics proper, variationist studies, urban dialectology and secular linguistics." (Fasold, 1999 [1990])

20 世纪 60 年代中期，著名社会语言学家威廉・拉波夫（William Labov）在纽约市几个部门进行了一次彻底调查。这项调查目是研究话者位变化如何代表他们社会地位。这项调查结果发表在《纽约市英语社会分层》（1966）中，该书现已成为社会语言学经典著作。结果表明，阶级和文体是影响话者选择一种位变体而不是另一种位变体两个主要因素。基于这些发现，拉波夫明确阐述了阶级和文体分层模式。他工作更重要是，它成功地将阶级引入社会语言学研究中作为一个不可或缺变量。自 20 世纪 60 年代中期出版以来，这种研究范式已成为社会语言学主流，并被交替称为 “定量范式、适当社会语言学、变异研究、城市方言学和世俗语言学”（Fasold，1999 [1990]）。