Even though researchers claim that lined pits will not cause a drainage problem, the room for error is marginal.

尽管研究者们声称，带砌的深坑不会引起泄漏问题，当然也不允许出任何差错。

The disrupted tunnel linings spanned approximately 200 m, and the maximum settlement even exceeded 28 mm.

破裂的砌跨度约为 200 m，最大沉降甚至超过 28 mm。

Since the joint is the key structural element of shield tunnels, which is the frail part of the assembled tunnel lining.

由于缝是的关键结元件，是拼装式砌的薄弱部分。

A shell element is used for the lining structure, and a solid element is used for the strata.

壳单元用于砌结，实体单元用于层。

The settlement of the tunnel is arranged along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel at the inner vault of the lining.

的沉降沿的纵向布置在砌的内拱顶处。

According to the Shiba theory, the connecting bolt and the lining segment bear tension and pressure, respectively.

根据柴氏理论，连螺栓和砌段分别承受拉力和压力。

The parameters of shield tunnel lining and foundation soil are consistent with the numerical model.

砌和地基土体参数与数值模型一致。

Most of the urban subway tunnels are constructed by shield method, and the linings usually adopt an assembled concrete structure, which exhibits poor resistance to deformation.

城市地铁大多采用法施工，砌通常采用装配式混凝土结，抗变形能力较差。

Responses of Tunnels to External Loads In practical engineering, the shield tunnel lining system is composed of segments connected by steel bolts.

对外部荷载的响应 在实际工程，砌系统由钢螺栓连的节段组成。

The lining sections at 4 m and 14 m along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel are selected to monitor the convergence deformation of the tunnel.

沿纵向选择 4 m 和 14 m 的砌段，以监测的收敛变形。

The longitudinal flexural stiffness of the shield tunnel is clearly lower than that of the continuous lining tunnel due to the existence of intersegment joints.

由于管片间节理的存在，的纵向弯曲刚度明显低于连续砌。

Ali used the stochastic adaptive finite element limit analysis method to analyze the influence of the spatial variability of soil on the undrained stability of a circular tunnel without a lining.

Ali 使用随机自适应有限元极限分析方法分析了土体空间变化对无砌圆形不排水稳定性的影响。

Through indoor model experiments, Atkinson and Potts studied the stability of tunnels in cohesionless soil and analyzed the internal force characteristics of tunnel lining structures under uniform surcharge loading.

通过室内模型实验，Atkinson 和 Potts 研究了在无粘性土的稳定性，并分析了均匀附加载荷下砌结的内力特性。

The field test results of the tunnel show that convergent deformation occurs in the tunnel section, and the deformation of the tunnel lining on the side of the surcharge loading is asymmetrically distributed.

现场试验结果表明，断面发生收敛变形，堆载一侧砌变形分布不对称。

To accurately evaluate the influence of environmental loads on the deformation of the tunnel lining and reflect the true deformation of the tunnel, translation and rotation should be separated from the deformation simulation results.

为了准确评估环境载荷对砌变形的影响，反映的真实变形，应将平移和旋转与变形模拟结果分开。

Under the action of the bending moment, as shown in Figure 7, the upper part of the lining segment bears tension, and the lower part bears pressure.

在弯矩的作用下，如图 7 所示，砌段的上部承受拉力，下部承受压力。

In this numerical simulation, 48 equidistant monitoring points are arranged in the inner circumferential direction of the tunnel lining, and the coordinate values of the monitoring points are extracted before and after deformation.

在该数值模拟，在砌的内圆周方向上布置了 48 个等距监测点，并提取了变形前后监测点的坐标值。

The displacement on the left side of the lining is much larger than that on the right side of the lining, and the maximum displacement occurs at the upper-left side of the tunnel lining (Fig 12(b)).

砌左侧的位移远大于砌右侧的位移，最大位移发生在砌的左上侧[图 12（b）]。

This analytical solution is effective in representing the continuous behavior of soils and especially the discontinuous deformation of tunnel linings, which is verified through comparison with previous analytical solutions.

该解析解可以有效地表示土体的连续行为，尤其是砌的不连续变形，通过与以前的解析解进行比较来验证这一点。

In the past, scholars have made great efforts to explore the mechanical characteristics of shield tunnel linings under the influence of extreme surcharge by methods of theoretical analysis, numerical analysis, model experiments and case studies.

过去，学者们通过理论分析、数值分析、模型实验和实例分析等方法，努力探究极端加重影响下砌的力学特性。