This capsule is a major virulence factor because of its antiphagocytic ability.

荚膜具有抗吞噬的作用，所是其主要的毒力因子。

Within 24 hours, the bacteria starts to make clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, or CPE.

24小时内，细开始气荚膜梭肠毒素（CPE)。

Klebsiella has an abundant polysaccharide capsule which leads to the formation of very mucoid and viscous pink colonies.

克雷伯杆具有很厚的多糖成分的荚膜，所可很多黏性物质使得落非常粘稠。

Clostridium perfringens is a common cause of food poisoning, in fact, it's sometimes called " the cafeteria germ" .

气荚膜梭，是引起食物中毒的常见病原体；事实，它有时被称为“自助餐细”。

On the capsule, there are pili, which are hair-like extensions that help the bacteria attach to host cells.

荚膜还有起黏附作用的毛。

In fact, at an optimum temperature, Clostridium perfringens has one of the fastest growing rates of any bacterium!

事实，在最适温度下，气荚膜梭是增殖速度最快的细之一。

If a person eats food contaminated with C. perfringens, the bacteria will soon colonize the gut.

如果有人吃了被气荚膜梭了的食物，细会在肠道定植。

The symptoms of Clostridium perfringens enteritis include abdominal cramping, watery diarrhea, and vomiting.

气荚膜梭性肠炎的症状包括腹部绞痛、水样泻、呕吐。

First, Klebsiella pneumoniae is encapsulated, which means it's covered by a polysaccharide layer called a capsule.

首先，它被多糖成分的荚膜包裹。

Underneath the capsule, there's an outer membrane, which consist of lipopolysaccharides, or LPS.

荚膜的下面是一层外膜，主要成分是脂多糖（LPS）。

Specifically, bacterial infections with encapsulated bacteria.

具体来说，是有荚膜细的细感。

Now, instead of getting into food, Clostridium perfringens can also sometimes get into a wound.

此外，除了食物，气荚膜梭有时也会感伤口。

Clostridium perfringens are found out in the environment and they can accidentally contaminate food when it's been left out for a while.

气荚膜梭在我们身边的环境就有；它们可能恰巧了放置在外面一阵子的食物。

There's been an outbreak of salmonella and clostridium perfringens, another bacterial infection, in the U.S. state of Louisiana.

AZUZ：美国路易斯安那州爆发了沙门氏和气荚膜梭，这是另一种细感。

But uncooked food - like salads, or reheated food - like leftovers, can be a good home to Clostridium perfringens.

而如沙拉等食或二次加热的剩菜等食物，可成为气荚膜梭的优良培养基。

The capsule is considered an important virulence factor since the strains that lack a capsule are less virulent.

荚膜被认为是重要的毒力因子，因为缺少荚膜的株毒力相对较弱。

Alright, as a quick recap, Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe that resides in the soil.

得！我们快速复习一下：气荚膜梭是革兰氏阳性、有芽孢的厌氧，通常居于土壤中。

Clostridium perfringens food poisoning typically causes mild symptoms, lasts about a day, and resolves without antibiotics.

气荚膜梭食物中毒的症状比较轻微，持续约一天，无需抗素可自行缓解。

That's where another toxin, Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin, or CPAT, causes direct damage to cells, causing them to swell up and lyse - or pop.

这是由于气荚膜梭的另一种α毒素（CPAT）直接伤害细胞，导致细胞肿胀、崩解。

Finally, children with sickle cell typically get prophylaxis with penicillin and an additional polysaccharide vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae to help prevent sepsis and meningitis with encapsulated bacteria.

最后，镰状细胞病儿童通常会预防性使用青霉素及其它多糖疫苗，对抗肺炎链球，有助于预防荚膜引发的败血症和脑膜炎。