With mutations, proto-oncogenes become oncogenes, and these overstimulate the cell growth.

随着突变，原基变为基，这些基过度刺激细胞长。

You can think of proto-oncogenes as the accelerator or gas pedal and tumor suppressor genes as the brakes.

你可以把原基看作是加速器或是油门，把抑基看作是刹车。

Proto-oncogenes, which signal a cell to grow and divide.

原基，向细胞发出长和裂的信号。

So oncogenes or mutated tumor suppressor genes allow cells to keep growing uncontrollably resulting into tumors.

，基或突变的抑基使细胞不受控制地增长，导致肿瘤发。

Now, there are genes that promote normal cell growth called proto-oncogenes.

这时，有一些促进正常细胞长的基被称作原基。

Oncogenes help cells grow and proliferate, while tumor suppressor genes slow down cell growth and proliferation.

致基加速细胞长增殖，而抑基使细胞长增殖变慢。

Fusobacteria is another genus of bacteria in the mouth that produces excessive immune responses and activates oncogenes.

梭杆菌属是口腔中另一种会引发过度免疫应答、激活基的细菌。

Squamous cell cancers arise from squamous cells that undergo genetic mutations that either activate proto-oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes.

鳞状细胞产于经历了基突变的鳞状细胞，基突变可能激活原基、或使抑基失活。

When proto-oncogenes, like epidermal growth factor receptor and RAS, are activated, it turns them into oncogenes that promote cell division.

当原基（如表皮长子受体基、RAS基）被激活时，它们就变成了促进细胞裂的基。

So if for example, your oncogenes switch back  on, they make oncogene proteins.

例如，如果您的基重新启动，它们就会产基蛋白质。

The second crucial mutation can happen in your  oncogenes.

第二个关键突变可能发在基中。

When oncogenes are turned on the cell is told to multiply rapidly.

当基被打开时，细胞就会迅速繁殖。

When your oncogenes get corrupted,   they basically turn on again.

当你的基被破坏时，它们基本上会再次开启。

This type of gene is called an anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.

这种类型的基被称为抗基或肿瘤抑制基。

Abnormal cell division can occur either when active oncogenes are expressed or when tumor suppressor genes are lost.

当活性基表达或肿瘤抑制基丢失时，可发异常细胞裂。

To balance out cell growth, there are other genes called tumor suppressor genes which promote apoptosis or cell death of mutated cells.

为平衡细胞长，还有其它基，称作抑基，促进突变细胞的凋亡或细胞死亡。

Or they can occur in proto-oncogenes, which normally code for proteins that promote the cell cycle - so they're the cell cycle's accelerator pedal.

基突变也可以发在原基；原基的功能是编码促进细胞周期运转的蛋白质，所以它算是细胞周期的“油门”。

It usually involves several genetic mutations in endometrial cells, including of PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene; PIK3CA, an oncogene; and ARID1A, a gene regulating chromatin structure.

它通常涉及子宫膜细胞的几种基突变，包括抑基PTEN、原基PIK3CA，及调控染色质结构的基ARID1A。

Checking for the presence of mutations in a gene can confirm a diagnosis that is based on other clinical presentations.

在症的病例中，了解哪个基发了突变以及以什么样的方式发突变，能够确定最佳治疗方案以及为开发新的治疗方法提供信息。

Unlike other targetable oncogene drivers in NSCLC, KRAs G12C is most common in smokers Until recently, KRAS was an undruggable target.

与 NSCLC 中的其他靶向基驱动素不同，KRA G12C 在吸烟者中最常见。直到最近，KRAS 仍是一个不可药物治疗的靶点。