Hardwoods used in BBQ smoke have lots of cellulose and lignin.

烧烤烟熏中使用硬木含有大纤维素和木质素。

Bacteria can still eat lignin-packed materials — so they just slow down those overly- enthusiastic microbes.

细菌也可以分解含有木质素物质，从而可以让这过于活跃微生物慢下来。

There's the lignin and cellulose of plants, calcium-rich shells of mollusks and coral reefs, and mineral bones like ours.

植物木质素和纤维素，软体动物和珊瑚礁富含钙贝壳，以及像我们这样矿物骨骼。

Wood consists of cellulose fibers and a compound called lignin,   an organic polymer.

木材由纤维素纤维和一种称为木质素化合物组成，木质素是一种有机聚合物。

The chemicals remove about half of its lignin.

这化学物质去除了大约一半木质素。

It is made by partially removing a natural polymer called lignin.

它是通过部分去除称为木质素天然聚合物制成。

And lignin is converted into all kinds of aromatic chemicals that flavor the meat, and can even act as chemical preservatives.

木质素被转化为各种芳香化学物质，给肉调，甚至可以作为化学防腐剂。

Stora Enso, a Finnish forest-products company, reckons it can make anode material from lignin.

芬兰林产品公司 Stora Enso 认为它可以用木质素制造阳极材料。

The organic component of soil, called humus,   is mostly made up of broken down lignin.

土壤有机成分称为腐殖质，主要由分解木质素组成。

But scale trees only produced a small amount of lignin.

但是鳞片树只产生木质素。

OK, he says that the fungi break down the lignin and the cellulose. They break down the tree.

好吧，他说真菌会分解木质素和纤维素。他们砍倒了树。

The plan is to develop ways of making anode carbon from lignin, a natural polymer found in the cell walls of plants.

该计划是开发利用木质素制造阳极碳方法，木质素是一种存在于植物细胞壁中天然聚合物。

They break down the lignin and the cellulose, which is the most resistant form of carbon, and they break it down, produce mushrooms.

它们分解木质素和纤维素， 这是最耐腐蚀碳形式，然后将其分解， 产生蘑菇。

The bark covering tree trunks is full of lignin, a rigid web of compounds that's tough to chew and highly impermeable to pathogens.

覆盖在树干上树皮充满了木质素，这是一种坚硬化合物网， 难以咀嚼，而且病原体极难渗透。

In order for termites and a few other insects to digest wood, they had to turn those independently-living lignin-breaking microbes into gut-living lignin-breaking microbes.

为了让白蚁和其他一昆虫消化木材，它们必须将那独立生活木质素分解微生物转变为肠道生活木质素分解微生物。

Velev and Ph.D. student Alexander Richter discovered that silver-based nanoparticles can be replaced with non-harmful nanoparticles based on an organic polymer called lignin, naturally found in most plants.

韦列夫和博士生亚历山大·里希特发现银纳米颗粒可以被无害纳米粒子所代替，它是一种名叫木质素有机高分子，绝大多数植物中都能够发现这种物质。

Lignin and cellulose are major components  of the cell walls of land plants, giving them structure and support, and  together, they're what makes wood so tough.

木质素和纤维素是陆生植物细胞壁主要成分，为它们提供结构和支撑，它们共同使木材如此坚韧。

This tissue is what allows modern trees to grow tall and straight, because it contains lignin, a rigid organic polymer that gives the plant structural support.

这种组织使现代树木能够长得又高又直，因为它含有木质素， 一种为植物提供结构支撑刚性有机聚合物。

Lignin provides structural strength and so allows the plant to stay upright and maintain its structure outside of the growing season, when it is either too dry or too cold.

木质素提供结构强度，因此使植物能够在生长季节之外保持直立并保持其结构，当它太干燥或太冷时。

And back in the Carboniferous, many of the decomposing microbes that could break down the hardy lignin -- and release CO2 as a result -- had yet to evolve.

回到石炭纪，许多可以分解坚硬木质素并因此释放二氧化碳分解微生物尚未进化。