Affricates are made up of a stop sound followed by a fricative sound.

破音爆破音和后面音组成。

Fricative are often a source of confusion for English learners.

摩音让很多英语学习者感到困惑。

In today's program, we will explore fricatives.

在今天节目里，我们要探索摩音。

Another way to think of this is stop sound plus fricative sound equals affricate.

另思考方法是爆破音加上音等于破音。

These are all fricatives, the sounds are coming out slowly and you hear this friction sound.

这些都是摩音，声音慢慢地发出你会听到摩声。

To be clear, fricatives mean there is a partial obstruction in the air stream.

清楚地说，摩音指是气流有部分被阻滞。

And finally, the vociceless fricative or be quiet sound, shhhhhh, present in words such as shower and push.

最后是清音或“安静”音，出现在诸如 shower 和 push 等词中。

In a previous video, we explored the two affricates, or complex consonant sounds, of American English.

在之视频里，我们探索了美式英语中两破音，或者叫复杂辅音。

Another type of consonant is a Fricative.

另种辅音是摩音。

Sss, zzz are fricatives. Thh, vvv are Fricatives too.

Sss, zzz 是音。 Thh, vvv 也是音。

In a previous video, I described affricates as being kind of like addition - one plus one equals two.

在之视频里，我说破音有点像加法 —— 加等于二。

The English alveolar approximant, the Spanish trill, the French uvular fricative?

英国齿槽音、西班牙颤音、法国小舌音？

So fff, and vvv are fricatives.

所以 fff 和 vvv 是音。

In some cases, voiceless fricatives began to be pronounced like an " f" (e.g. laugh, cough).

在某些情况下，清音开始像“f”样发音（例如笑、咳嗽）。

So the combination d-g sound, " dg" is an affricate in American English for judge becomes " j" .

所以组合d-g发音， “dg” 是美式英语中塞音， 判断变成“j” 。

First, when the thickened layers of the pericardium rub up against each other - it creates a friction rub which can be heard on auscultation.

当增厚两层心包膜互相摩，可在听诊时闻及心包摩音。

The rule reads: a voiced fricative is transformed into the corresponding voiceless sound when it appears before a voiceless sound.

规则如下：浊摩音出现在清音之时， 将转换为相应清音。

It usually results in a friction rub, as well as ECG changes like ST elevation and PR depression, followed by T wave flattening and inversion.

通常表现出心包摩音，以及ST段抬高和PR段压低等心电图改变，继之呈现T波低平和倒置。

You're releasing air with sound, so the vocal cords are vibrating and creating this friction sound which is the 'V' as of the word 'very', 'vicious' and 'seven'.

是要通过释放口腔里空气带动发音，所以声带是振动，产生出这种音，即‘V’，比如单词‘very’、‘vicious’和‘seven’。

All of such sounds are voiced and they are collectively labelled SONORANTS.The stops and fricatives, which have distinction of voicing, are collectively called OBSTRUENTS.

如果不需要区分带声性话，只用两词描述即可，如 [m] 是双唇鼻音，[j] 是硬腭通音，[h] 是声门音。鉴于英语只有 [1] 这边音，既可以称作齿龈边音，也可以直接简称为边音。在英语元音符号形式上，不同作者曾使用不同符号来表示。本书采用主要英语词典中通用符号体系来转写 RP 元音 (表 2 - 2)，注意这不是直接从国际音标表中复制，而是基于国际音标表种适用于英语发音描述变通版本。