CpG islands are found in most promoter regions of genes which are the DNA sequences responsible for the initiation of gene transcription.

CpG位于绝大部分启动子区域，是一组负责转录起始的DNA序列。

In humans two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FOS promoter were found to be associated with knee-OA susceptibility.

在人类中，发现FOS启动子中的两个单核苷酸多态性与膝骨关节炎的易感性有关。

In this case, the BCL1 gene from chromosome 11 ends up next to the immunoglobulin promoter on chromosome 14, which again upregulates its expression.

在这种情况下，11号染色体上的BCL1基因易位至14号染色体，与14号染色体上的免疫球蛋白启动子相邻，后者上调BCL1基因的表达。

In eukaryotes, if the introduced genes are derived from another organism, the resulting transgenic plants or animals can be propagated by normal breeding.

转基因羊已经被出来，可以通过它们的奶有价值的蛋白。目的基因需要羊的启动子（酪蛋白或乳清蛋白）以确保在乳腺中表达。从奶中纯蛋白要比从培养的细胞中纯蛋白要容易的多。

As a result, an the BCL2 gene from chromosome 18 is placed after the immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter on chromosome 14, and that results in overexpression of bcl-2.

因此，一个来自18号染色体的BCL2基因被易位到14号染色体的免疫球蛋白重链启动子后，导致BCL-2过表达。

In this case, the Myc gene is translocated from chromosome 8 where it ends up adjacent to IgH promoter on chromosome 14 and again that upregulates its expression.

在这种情况下，MYC基因从8号染色体易位至14号染色体，最终与14号染色体上的IgH启动子相邻，这也上调它的表达。