The poverty of the lower ranks of people in China far surpasses that of the most beggarly nations in Europe.

中国民的贫困程度远远超过欧洲最贫困的国家。

The inferior ranks of people must, in that country, suffer patiently the usage which their superiors think proper to give them.

在那个国家，民必须耐心地忍受上级认为应该给予他们的待遇。

The ties of interest, which bound the inferior ranks of people to the clergy, were in this manner gradually broken and dissolved.

将民与教士联系在一起的利益纽带， 就这逐渐被打破和瓦解了。

In Ireland, the inferior ranks of people are still poorer than in Scotland, and many parts of the country are almost as thinly inhabited.

在爱尔兰，民仍然比苏格兰更穷，而且这个国家的许多地方几乎烟稀少。

In the first place, almost the whole capital of every country is annually distributed among the inferior ranks of people, as the wages of productive labour.

首先， 几乎每个国家的全部资本每作为生产劳动的工资分配给民。

In years of scarcity, the inferior ranks of people impute their distress to the avarice of the corn merchant, who becomes the object of their hatred and indignation.

在荒，民把他们的苦难归咎于谷物商的贪婪，而谷物商成为他们仇恨和愤怒的对象。

It must always be remembered, however, that it is the luxuries, and not the necessary expense of the inferior ranks of people, that ought ever to be taxed.

然而，必须永远记住，应该征税的是奢侈品，而不是民的必要开支。

The inferior ranks of people no longer looked upon that order as they had done before; as the comforters of their distress, and the relievers of their indigence.

民不再像以前那看待这个秩序；安慰他们的苦难，解除他们的困苦。

Those virtues procured them the highest respect and veneration among all the inferior ranks of people, of whom many were constantly, and almost all occasionally, fed by them.

这些美德使他们在所有民中获得了最高的尊重和崇敬，他们中的许多不断地，几乎所有偶尔地接受他们的喂养。

The same thing may be said of the gross ignorance and stupidity which, in a civilized society, seem so frequently to benumb the understandings of all the inferior ranks of people.

的事情也适用于严重的无知和愚蠢，在文明社会中，这似乎常常使所有民的理解力变得麻木。

Capitation taxes, so far as they are levied upon the lower ranks of people, are direct taxes upon the wages of labour, and are attended with all the inconveniencies of such taxes.

就对民征收的头税而言，它是对劳动工资的直接征税，并伴随着这种税收的所有不便之处。

First, he promoted people based on merit rather than family position, and second, he brought lower classes of conquered people into his own tribe while dispossessing the leaders of the conquered clans.

首先，他根据功绩而不是家庭地位提拔，其次，他将被征服的民纳入自己的部落， 时剥夺了被征服氏族的首领。

Is this improvement in the circumstances of the lower ranks of the people to be regarded as an advantage, or as an inconveniency, to the society? The answer seems at first abundantly plain.

这种民境遇的改善，对社会来说是有利还是不利？乍一看，答案似乎非常简单。

Invention is kept alive, and the mind is not suffered to fall into that drowsy stupidity, which, in a civilized society, seems to benumb the understanding of almost all the inferior ranks of people.

发明保持活力，思想不会陷入那种昏昏欲睡的愚蠢状态，在文明社会中，这种愚蠢似乎麻木了几乎所有民的理解力。

In mercantile and manufacturing towns, where the inferior ranks of people are chiefly maintained by the employment of capital, they are in general industrious, sober, and thriving; as in many English, and in most Dutch towns.

在商业和制造业城镇，民主要靠资本的使用维持生计，他们通常勤劳、清醒和兴旺；就像许多英语和大多数荷兰城镇一。

How much the lower ranks of people in the country are really superior to those of the town, is well known to every man whom either business or curiosity has led to converse much with both.

乡的民实际上比城里的优越多少，每一个因生意或好奇而经常与这两者交谈的知道这一点。

We must not, however, upon that account, imagine that they are worse fed, or that their consumption of articles which might be subjected to moderate duties, is less than that even of the lower ranks of people in England.

然而，我们决不能因此就认为他们吃得更差，或者他们对可能需要缴纳适度关税的物品的消费甚至低于英国民。