In today's program, we will explore fricatives.

今天的节目里，我们要探索摩音。

Fricative are often a source of confusion for English learners.

摩音让很多英语学习者感到困惑。

These are all fricatives, the sounds are coming out slowly and you hear this friction sound.

这些都是摩音，音慢慢地发你会听到摩。

To be clear, fricatives mean there is a partial obstruction in the air stream.

清楚地说，摩音指的是气流有一部分被阻滞。

Affricates are made up of a stop sound followed by a fricative sound.

破音一个爆破音和后面的音组成。

And finally, the vociceless fricative or be quiet sound, shhhhhh, present in words such as shower and push.

最后是清音或“安静”音，诸如 shower 和 push 等词中。

Another way to think of this is stop sound plus fricative sound equals affricate.

另一个思考的方法是爆破音加上音等于破音。

Another type of consonant is a Fricative.

另一种辅音是摩音。

So fff, and vvv are fricatives.

所以 fff 和 vvv 是音。

The English alveolar approximant, the Spanish trill, the French uvular fricative?

英国的齿槽音、西班牙的颤音、法国的小舌音？

Sss, zzz are fricatives. Thh, vvv are Fricatives too.

Sss, zzz 是音。 Thh, vvv 也是音。

In some cases, voiceless fricatives began to be pronounced like an " f" (e.g. laugh, cough).

某些情况下，清音开始像“f”一样发音（例如笑、咳嗽）。

The rule reads: a voiced fricative is transformed into the corresponding voiceless sound when it appears before a voiceless sound.

规则如下：浊摩音清音之前时， 将转换为相应的清音。

All of such sounds are voiced and they are collectively labelled SONORANTS.The stops and fricatives, which have distinction of voicing, are collectively called OBSTRUENTS.

如果不需要区分带性的话，只用两个词描述即可，如 [m] 是双唇鼻音，[j] 是硬腭通音，[h] 是门音。鉴于英语只有 [1] 这一个边音，既可以称作齿龈边音，也可以直接简称为边音。英语元音符号的形式上，不同的作者曾使用不同的符号来表示。本书采用主要英语词典中的通用符号体系来转写 RP 的元音 (表 2 - 2)，注意这不是直接从国际音标表中复制的，而是基于国际音标表的一种适用于英语发音描述的变通版本。